Drooselyne

Sf. pl. [from the genus Cactus]. Family (Cactaceae) of plants, Cariofillali order, typical of the deserts and places very arid, widespread especially in the American continent, but also present in tropical Africa; different species were introduced in South Africa, Australia and India. Have dimensions that range from a few centimeters to several meters, and copies of the genus Carnegia can reach 18 meters of height. Sometimes epiphytes, have xeromorfico habitus and succulent, with leaves for the more reduced to pins or squamette or missing altogether: only exception the genus Pereskia, that has perennial leaves in a laminar form. The trunk, fleshy, rich inside fabric aquifer, has the surface portion that is green and is capable of performing the function the photosynthetic; its shape, which may be cylindrical, flattened, globosa, otriforme, columnar, etc., is characterizing element of the various genera in which is divided this family. The flowers of cacti are often large and isolated, often colored and very fragrant, without xeromorfismo because last little and appear in the rainy season, generally at night; hermaphroditic and regular, are also characterized by the fact that all the elements that compose them are arranged in a spiral. Sepals, petals and stamens are in indefinite number, with gradual elements of differentiation between sepals and petals; 4 or 5 hair always on spiral and in position infera form an ovary uniloculare with many parietal ova and free styles; the fruit is a fleshy berry with many seeds. Many authors recognize, on the basis of a morphological analysis and DNA, three subfamilies inside of cacti, the Cactoideae, Opuntioideae and Pereskioideae. The Cactoideae include more than three quarters of the species of the whole family, are characterized by a reduction or complete loss of leaves the Opuntioideae are provided with hair pungent on the areolas; the Pereskioideae have casks not succulent and leaves well developed and persistent. Some Cacti damage edible fruits, as Opuntia ficus indica (fico d'India) , other have medicinal properties, as Echinocactus williamsi, species used as drugs to action for hallucinatory special alkaloids (peyotl), or Cereus grandiflorus, that contains the cactina; but the most interest of these plants is constituted by their utilisation for ornamental purposes, for which many species are grown both in full earth both in pots in every part of the globe. All multiply easily by cuttings, for seed or for engagement. In addition to those already mentioned, belong to Cacti genres Mamillaria, Cactus (or Melocactus Phyllocactus), Epiphyllum, etc. Graminàcee "schema spighetta graminacea to see the lemma the 10th volume." SF. Pl. [XIX century; gramen latin-ínis, plant, grass]. Family (Graminaceae) of plants of the order Poali consisting of ca. 650 genera and 8700 species largely herbaceous "Diagram of spighetta graminacea is to p. 159 of 11° volume." diffused in all parts of the world. The grasses, or Poacee, generally have collated roots or underground rhizomes, drums (stalks) cylindrical or elliptical section, articulated, mostly with internodes cables and enlarged nodes from which the last develop leaves solitary, composed of a wrapping sheath for a certain portion of the stalk and a laminar part usually narrow and long: often, at the point in which the sheath is transformed into the foil, on its inner face, is an appendix of various consistencies and magnitude (ligule). The flowers are small, gathered in spikes more or less pedicellate that almost always aggregate in variable number at the apex of the stalk or the branches so as to form characteristics inflorescences composed (ears, racemates or corn cobs). The spikes consist of a certain number of flowers (from one to 50), inserted on a tiny axis (rachilla), which in turn is carried by a shaft larger (rachis). Normally each spighetta is wound in two bracts scariose (glume), an upper or inner, smaller and sometimes missing or reduced, and a lower or outer. Similarly, above the glume each flower is protected by another pair of bracts (glumette), a higher (palea), smaller and often reduced to a tiny flakes, and a lower one (lemma), which surrounds the first and can be aristata or mutica according that owns or no a filiform appendage more or less elongated (remains). The flowers, with perianzio reduced to two or three squamucce fleshy of negligible size (lodicule), generally have three stamens and a pistil with two piumosi stigmas and only one ovum; the result is usually a caryopsis with only one seed, grain. The embryo in the seed is provided with only one cotyledon (scutello) highly modified and placed laterally are part of the family many cultivated plants of the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea, Secale, Hordeum, Oats, Sorghum, etc., which constitute the majority of cereals and have a role of the utmost importance in the field of human nutrition. Also of great interest are the grass fodder, which provide a good part of plant products used for animal feeding herbivores (genres Poa, Lolium, Trisetum, Arrhenatherum, Alopecurus, Holcus, and several others). Various species, finally, provide products which are used in the industrial field. Inside of the grasses are recognized at least 3 major subfamilies: The Bambusoidee, Panicoidee and Pooidee. Sm. [XVII century; from EU-+kalyptós greek, covered]. Common name used to indicate the plants of the genus Eucalyptus of plants of the family Mirtacee with ca. 500 species originating in Australia, some of which are cultivated in various countries with a hot climate. Are large trees, with leaves of two types: oval, sessile and opposed on young branches; vertical, alternate, petiolate sickled and on those adults. The hermaphrodite flowers when they are in bud have the shape of a reversed pyramid surmounted by a lid that maturity is detached, leaving exposed the numerous stamens; the fruit is a capsule with 4 loggias that contain seeds very small. Numerous types of eucalyptus produce valuable timbers, colored in red or brown while the bark is rich in tannin. The leaves give essential oils used in perfumery and in medicine such as eucalyptus oil, colorless liquid or yellowish, aromatic odour pleasant, containing ca. 70% of eucalyptus. In Italy it is cultivated Eucalyptus globulus. Sf. (pl. - EC) [XIX century; from an entry quechua through Spanish vizcacha]. Name of 5 species of rodents Caviomorfi family of Cincillidi (Lagostomus maximus and genre Lagidium), widespread respectively in the pampas of Argentina and the Andes. Lagostomus Maximus, the viscaccia plains, has wide head, somewhat flattened, provided on the muzzle of vibrisse and adorned on the cheeks by a large black stripe, edged with white; the body is tarchiato and massive along up to 86 cm (20 of which are tail), heavy and up to 7 kg, with rear feet long tail, very pelosa; the thick fur is dark gray above, whitish below. He lives in large groups (15-30 heads) in the dens (the vizcacheras) with many revenue. The viscaccia mountain belongs instead to the genus Lagidium with 4 species that live up to 5000 m in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Smaller, are daytime and gregarie and form colonies that can reach 80 individuals. Do not dig burrows, but be repaired in the recesses of the rocks. Hunted for meat and fur, are in danger of extinction. A species even larger than the viscaccia plains (Lagostomus crassus cells) was a present time in Peru. Zoology: General information With the exception of some species of felines (genus Panthera), bears are the land carnivores most mole, with physiognomy very homogeneous, with heavy physique, head large and wide, terminating in a muzzle most often short, muscled neck, trunk tarchiato, limbs with short strong, rudimentary queue, hidden in the hair. The eyes are small and ears short rounded and modest development. The ends are 5 fingers, plantigrada conformation, with robustissimi curved hoofs, not retractable. The length of these large mammals varies from 1,2 m of the Malaysian bear to 3 m of the Orso Bruno d Alaska, and weight from thirty to over 800 kg. The males are generally 1/5 larger females. The fur, with long hair and thick, is of uniform color, except ornaments to collar typical for certain species. The toothing is 42 teeth, when it is complete. Most of the species live in the forests or in mountainous areas: only the white bear lives in a habitat of all particular, ice in arctic regions; different species climb trees; the white bear, protected by the solitude of its habitat, is decidedly daytime, but in general the other species in the areas where they are for a long time in contact with man, have become preferably at night; typical case is the brown bear in Europe . bears are formidable walkers, skillful in the race and in swimming, their territory is vast but generally defined, and lead you to the more solitary life; their temperament is normally harmless, only attack when they feel threatened by man, Particular mothers with children. Glo or. of temperate regions and cold, adattatasi as tana a cavity or a natural cavern, spend the winter in a deep sleep, not to be confused with the real lethargy (for example, the body temperature is not lowered, as in real ibernanti): indeed females precisely during this period give birth and breastfeeding small (1 or 2, rarely up to 4), that at the time of birth are tiny, up to ca. 1/600 of the weight of the mother in the black bear american, record for littleness between all mammals placentati. The duration of gestation in different species varies from 6 to 9 months. Bears are typically omnivorous and the only carnivorous species is the white bear , whose limited habitat provides only fish, seals and other animals; the bears have a smell very developed, while sight and hearing are weak. There are currently with 7 genera comprising a single species in almost all the world except Australia and Africa (in North Africa there existed a subspecies of brown bear, the bear of the atlas, now extinct), with distribution is almost always very characteristic: Ursus, with the brown bear, widespread in Europe, Asia and North America; Euarctos, with the black bear North American or baribal; Tremarctos, with the bear from the glasses, South American Thalarctos; with the white bear, Boreal; Selenarctos , with the bear from the collar, Asia; Helarctos, with the Malaysian bear; and Melursus, with the bear labiato, also Asia. Paleogeografia: General information The panorama paleogeografico "for the evolution deela distribution of sea and land emerged from Paleoge-ne Neogene to see the maps at pg. 147 of 6° volume." The Tertiary "for the evolution of the distribution of the sea and of emerged lands see maps to the lemma 5° volume." is quite similar to the current one, with the exception of the areas affected by the cycle alpine orogenetico in full evolution. At the beginning of the Cenozoic Era the continents of Africa, Australian and American have a configuration similar to today's, while the Eurasia appears dismembered in various continents, separated by internal seas, the main one of which is the Tethys; Siberia is separate from the russian platform and from the Urals by an arm of the sea which disappears in Neogene; India and Madagascar, which form a large island, the Lemuria, separate from the Eocene. The two Americas, temporarily connected between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era, return to separate, with consequent isolation for most of the Tertiary Sector of the southern continent and the development of a fauna mammologica altogether particular; separation lasts until the end of the Cenozoic Era, when a thin isthmus of volcanic nature allows migration from N of fauna that produce deleterious effects on the Endemic causing the almost total extinction. North America and Europe are separated, but occasionally we provide links or through an isthmus in the area of Bering or by means of a land bridge connecting the Greenland to the British Isles, connection that stops at the end of the Eocene following the communication arose between the basin of the Atlanticosettentrionale, in progressive expansion, and the Arctic Ocean. As a result of the alpine orogeny, at the end of the Miocene and in the Pliocene Framework The general paleogeografico becomes much more similar to the current one: it constitutes the Euro-Asia block and it establishes a link between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and India, connection which is then reduced to only the isthmus of Suez, following the emergence in the Pliocene of the Red Sea, as a result of the outbreak in the eastern part of Africa and Asia Minor of that great complex of fractures and sprofondamenti that extends from Mozambique to the Tauro through the tectonic was in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, the depression dancala, the Red Sea and the depression of the Dead Sea. Always in the Pliocene, as already mentioned, the two Americas is reconnecting with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and finally breaks the connection between the Iberian Peninsula and the African continent with the opening of the strait of Gibraltar. Since the conditions paleogeografiche the Cenozoic Era were in their fairly similar to those present, of the tertiary sediments there are notes mainly the facies continental and coastal areas as the deepest ones are still covered by marine waters. In particular, between the formations more characteristics must remember the "nummulitici limestones" and the powerful series a facies flysch due to erosion of the mountainous chains in via lift. In Italy the lands of the Cenozoic Era are very popular and very fossiliferous, so numerous planes have taken the name from italian localities. Paleogeografia: orogeny The Cenozoic Era has experienced a considerable activity orogenetica, responsible both for training or of the final configuration of the major mountain chains current along the two bands orogenetiche already well have emerged in the Mesozoic Era, that peripacifica and that of Tethys, both the occurrence of fracture system of Eastern Africa. In addition an intense Tectonic activity has affected the oceanic funds with separation of continental masses, conformation of new ocean basins and submarine ridges. The non homogeneous expansion of the oceanic funds has also created systems still active faults of slipping in the direction, specifically said shears transform, i.e. fractures with relative displacement of the two parts in a horizontal direction, even of the order of hundreds of kilometers. The orogenetici phenomena were accompanied by an intense magmatic activity, as evidenced by both the majestic lava effusions traboccate from fractures of Eastern Africa and the volcanic manifestations in North America, along the Andean Cordillera, in New Zealand, in Japan, in the West Indies and in Asia Minor and in the Aegean and in Europe (Massif Central, Carpathians, Colli Euganei, region flegrea, Roccamonfina, Monti Ernici and Sardinia), since the putting into place of batoliti as in the Andes in South and North America and Italy along the so-called "arc periadriatico eruptive". German. Elongated block and raised of land drives connected to the neighboring clods by systems of parallel shears, generally directed: equivalent term is tectonic pillar. Geography Sf. pl. [from the genus Cactus]. Family (Cactaceae) of plants, Cariofillali order, typical of the deserts and places very arid, widespread especially in the American continent, but also present in tropical Africa; different species were introduced in South Africa, Australia and India. Have dimensions that range from a few centimeters to several meters, and copies of the genus Carnegia can reach 18 meters of height. Sometimes epiphytes, have xeromorfico habitus and succulent, with leaves for the more reduced to pins or squamette or missing altogether: only exception the genus Pereskia, that has perennial leaves in a laminar form. The trunk, fleshy, rich inside fabric aquifer, has the surface portion that is green and is capable of performing the function the photosynthetic; its shape, which may be cylindrical, flattened, globosa, otriforme, columnar, etc., is characterizing element of the various genera in which is divided this family. The flowers of cacti are often large and isolated, often colored and very fragrant, without xeromorfismo because last little and appear in the rainy season, generally at night; hermaphroditic and regular, are also characterized by the fact that all the elements that compose them are arranged in a spiral. Sepals, petals and stamens are in indefinite number, with gradual elements of differentiation between sepals and petals; 4 or 5 hair always on spiral and in position infera form an ovary uniloculare with many parietal ova and free styles; the fruit is a fleshy berry with many seeds. Many authors recognize, on the basis of a morphological analysis and DNA, three subfamilies inside of cacti, the Cactoideae, Opuntioideae and Pereskioideae. The Cactoideae include more than three quarters of the species of the whole family, are characterized by a reduction or complete loss of leaves the Opuntioideae are provided with hair pungent on the areolas; the Pereskioideae have casks not succulent and leaves well developed and persistent. Some Cacti damage edible fruits, as Opuntia ficus indica (fico d'India) , other have medicinal properties, as Echinocactus williamsi, species used as drugs to action for hallucinatory special alkaloids (peyotl), or Cereus grandiflorus, that contains the cactina; but the most interest of these plants is constituted by their utilisation for ornamental purposes, for which many species are grown both in full earth both in pots in every part of the globe. All multiply easily by cuttings, for seed or for engagement. In addition to those already mentioned, belong to Cacti genres Mamillaria, Cactus (or Melocactus Phyllocactus), Epiphyllum, etc. Graminàcee "schema spighetta graminacea to see the lemma the 10th volume." SF. Pl. [XIX century; gramen latin-ínis, plant, grass]. Family (Graminaceae) of plants of the order Poali consisting of ca. 650 genera and 8700 species largely herbaceous "Diagram of spighetta graminacea is to p. 159 of 11° volume." diffused in all parts of the world. The grasses, or Poacee, generally have collated roots or underground rhizomes, drums (stalks) cylindrical or elliptical section, articulated, mostly with internodes cables and enlarged nodes from which the last develop leaves solitary, composed of a wrapping sheath for a certain portion of the stalk and a laminar part usually narrow and long: often, at the point in which the sheath is transformed into the foil, on its inner face, is an appendix of various consistencies and magnitude (ligule). The flowers are small, gathered in spikes more or less pedicellate that almost always aggregate in variable number at the apex of the stalk or the branches so as to form characteristics inflorescences composed (ears, racemates or corn cobs). The spikes consist of a certain number of flowers (from one to 50), inserted on a tiny axis (rachilla), which in turn is carried by a shaft larger (rachis). Normally each spighetta is wound in two bracts scariose (glume), an upper or inner, smaller and sometimes missing or reduced, and a lower or outer. Similarly, above the glume each flower is protected by another pair of bracts (glumette), a higher (palea), smaller and often reduced to a tiny flakes, and a lower one (lemma), which surrounds the first and can be aristata or mutica according that owns or no a filiform appendage more or less elongated (remains). The flowers, with perianzio reduced to two or three squamucce fleshy of negligible size (lodicule), generally have three stamens and a pistil with two piumosi stigmas and only one ovum; the result is usually a caryopsis with only one seed, grain. The embryo in the seed is provided with only one cotyledon (scutello) highly modified and placed laterally are part of the family many cultivated plants of the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea, Secale, Hordeum, Oats, Sorghum, etc., which constitute the majority of cereals and have a role of the utmost importance in the field of human nutrition. Also of great interest are the grass fodder, which provide a good part of plant products used for animal feeding herbivores (genres Poa, Lolium, Trisetum, Arrhenatherum, Alopecurus, Holcus, and several others). Various species, finally, provide products which are used in the industrial field. Inside of the grasses are recognized at least 3 major subfamilies: The Bambusoidee, Panicoidee and Pooidee. Sm. [XVII century; from EU-+kalyptós greek, covered]. Common name used to indicate the plants of the genus Eucalyptus of plants of the family Mirtacee with ca. 500 species originating in Australia, some of which are cultivated in various countries with a hot climate. Are large trees, with leaves of two types: oval, sessile and opposed on young branches; vertical, alternate, petiolate sickled and on those adults. The hermaphrodite flowers when they are in bud have the shape of a reversed pyramid surmounted by a lid that maturity is detached, leaving exposed the numerous stamens; the fruit is a capsule with 4 loggias that contain seeds very small. Numerous types of eucalyptus produce valuable timbers, colored in red or brown while the bark is rich in tannin. The leaves give essential oils used in perfumery and in medicine such as eucalyptus oil, colorless liquid or yellowish, aromatic odour pleasant, containing ca. 70% of eucalyptus. In Italy it is cultivated Eucalyptus globulus. Sf. (pl. - EC) [XIX century; from an entry quechua through Spanish vizcacha]. Name of 5 species of rodents Caviomorfi family of Cincillidi (Lagostomus maximus and genre Lagidium), widespread respectively in the pampas of Argentina and the Andes. Lagostomus Maximus, the viscaccia plains, has wide head, somewhat flattened, provided on the muzzle of vibrisse and adorned on the cheeks by a large black stripe, edged with white; the body is tarchiato and massive along up to 86 cm (20 of which are tail), heavy and up to 7 kg, with rear feet long tail, very pelosa; the thick fur is dark gray above, whitish below. He lives in large groups (15-30 heads) in the dens (the vizcacheras) with many revenue. The viscaccia mountain belongs instead to the genus Lagidium with 4 species that live up to 5000 m in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Smaller, are daytime and gregarie and form colonies that can reach 80 individuals. Do not dig burrows, but be repaired in the recesses of the rocks. Hunted for meat and fur, are in danger of extinction. A species even larger than the viscaccia plains (Lagostomus crassus cells) was a present time in Peru. Zoology: General information With the exception of some species of felines (genus Panthera), bears are the land carnivores most mole, with physiognomy very homogeneous, with heavy physique, head large and wide, terminating in a muzzle most often short, muscled neck, trunk tarchiato, limbs with short strong, rudimentary queue, hidden in the hair. The eyes are small and ears short rounded and modest development. The ends are 5 fingers, plantigrada conformation, with robustissimi curved hoofs, not retractable. The length of these large mammals varies from 1,2 m of the Malaysian bear to 3 m of the Orso Bruno d Alaska, and weight from thirty to over 800 kg. The males are generally 1/5 larger females. The fur, with long hair and thick, is of uniform color, except ornaments to collar typical for certain species. The toothing is 42 teeth, when it is complete. Most of the species live in the forests or in mountainous areas: only the white bear lives in a habitat of all particular, ice in arctic regions; different species climb trees; the white bear, protected by the solitude of its habitat, is decidedly daytime, but in general the other species in the areas where they are for a long time in contact with man, have become preferably at night; typical case is the brown bear in Europe . bears are formidable walkers, skillful in the race and in swimming, their territory is vast but generally defined, and lead you to the more solitary life; their temperament is normally harmless, only attack when they feel threatened by man, Particular mothers with children. Glo or. of temperate regions and cold, adattatasi as tana a cavity or a natural cavern, spend the winter in a deep sleep, not to be confused with the real lethargy (for example, the body temperature is not lowered, as in real ibernanti): indeed females precisely during this period give birth and breastfeeding small (1 or 2, rarely up to 4), that at the time of birth are tiny, up to ca. 1/600 of the weight of the mother in the black bear american, record for littleness between all mammals placentati. The duration of gestation in different species varies from 6 to 9 months. Bears are typically omnivorous and the only carnivorous species is the white bear , whose limited habitat provides only fish, seals and other animals; the bears have a smell very developed, while sight and hearing are weak. There are currently with 7 genera comprising a single species in almost all the world except Australia and Africa (in North Africa there existed a subspecies of brown bear, the bear of the atlas, now extinct), with distribution is almost always very characteristic: Ursus, with the brown bear, widespread in Europe, Asia and North America; Euarctos, with the black bear North American or baribal; Tremarctos, with the bear from the glasses, South American Thalarctos; with the white bear, Boreal; Selenarctos , with the bear from the collar, Asia; Helarctos, with the Malaysian bear; and Melursus, with the bear labiato, also Asia. Paleogeografia: General information The panorama paleogeografico "for the evolution deela distribution of sea and land emerged from Paleoge-ne Neogene to see the maps at pg. 147 of 6° volume." The Tertiary "for the evolution of the distribution of the sea and of emerged lands see maps to the lemma 5° volume." is quite similar to the current one, with the exception of the areas affected by the cycle alpine orogenetico in full evolution. At the beginning of the Cenozoic Era the continents of Africa, Australian and American have a configuration similar to today's, while the Eurasia appears dismembered in various continents, separated by internal seas, the main one of which is the Tethys; Siberia is separate from the russian platform and from the Urals by an arm of the sea which disappears in Neogene; India and Madagascar, which form a large island, the Lemuria, separate from the Eocene. The two Americas, temporarily connected between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era, return to separate, with consequent isolation for most of the Tertiary Sector of the southern continent and the development of a fauna mammologica altogether particular; separation lasts until the end of the Cenozoic Era, when a thin isthmus of volcanic nature allows migration from N of fauna that produce deleterious effects on the Endemic causing the almost total extinction. North America and Europe are separated, but occasionally we provide links or through an isthmus in the area of Bering or by means of a land bridge connecting the Greenland to the British Isles, connection that stops at the end of the Eocene following the communication arose between the basin of the Atlanticosettentrionale, in progressive expansion, and the Arctic Ocean. As a result of the alpine orogeny, at the end of the Miocene and in the Pliocene Framework The general paleogeografico becomes much more similar to the current one: it constitutes the Euro-Asia block and it establishes a link between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and India, connection which is then reduced to only the isthmus of Suez, following the emergence in the Pliocene of the Red Sea, as a result of the outbreak in the eastern part of Africa and Asia Minor of that great complex of fractures and sprofondamenti that extends from Mozambique to the Tauro through the tectonic was in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, the depression dancala, the Red Sea and the depression of the Dead Sea. Always in the Pliocene, as already mentioned, the two Americas is reconnecting with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and finally breaks the connection between the Iberian Peninsula and the African continent with the opening of the strait of Gibraltar. Since the conditions paleogeografiche the Cenozoic Era were in their fairly similar to those present, of the tertiary sediments there are notes mainly the facies continental and coastal areas as the deepest ones are still covered by marine waters. In particular, between the formations more characteristics must remember the "nummulitici limestones" and the powerful series a facies flysch due to erosion of the mountainous chains in via lift. In Italy the lands of the Cenozoic Era are very popular and very fossiliferous, so numerous planes have taken the name from italian localities. Paleogeografia: orogeny The Cenozoic Era has experienced a considerable activity orogenetica, responsible both for training or of the final configuration of the major mountain chains current along the two bands orogenetiche already well have emerged in the Mesozoic Era, that peripacifica and that of Tethys, both the occurrence of fracture system of Eastern Africa. In addition an intense Tectonic activity has affected the oceanic funds with separation of continental masses, conformation of new ocean basins and submarine ridges. The non homogeneous expansion of the oceanic funds has also created systems still active faults of slipping in the direction, specifically said shears transform, i.e. fractures with relative displacement of the two parts in a horizontal direction, even of the order of hundreds of kilometers. The orogenetici phenomena were accompanied by an intense magmatic activity, as evidenced by both the majestic lava effusions traboccate from fractures of Eastern Africa and the volcanic manifestations in North America, along the Andean Cordillera, in New Zealand, in Japan, in the West Indies and in Asia Minor and in the Aegean and in Europe (Massif Central, Carpathians, Colli Euganei, region flegrea, Roccamonfina, Monti Ernici and Sardinia), since the putting into place of batoliti as in the Andes in South and North America and Italy along the so-called "arc periadriatico eruptive". German. Elongated block and raised of land drives connected to the neighboring clods by systems of parallel shears, generally directed: equivalent term is tectonic pillar. Geography Sf. pl. [from the genus Cactus]. Family (Cactaceae) of plants, Cariofillali order, typical of the deserts and places very arid, widespread especially in the American continent, but also present in tropical Africa; different species were introduced in South Africa, Australia and India. Have dimensions that range from a few centimeters to several meters, and copies of the genus Carnegia can reach 18 meters of height. Sometimes epiphytes, have xeromorfico habitus and succulent, with leaves for the more reduced to pins or squamette or missing altogether: only exception the genus Pereskia, that has perennial leaves in a laminar form. The trunk, fleshy, rich inside fabric aquifer, has the surface portion that is green and is capable of performing the function the photosynthetic; its shape, which may be cylindrical, flattened, globosa, otriforme, columnar, etc., is characterizing element of the various genera in which is divided this family. The flowers of cacti are often large and isolated, often colored and very fragrant, without xeromorfismo because last little and appear in the rainy season, generally at night; hermaphroditic and regular, are also characterized by the fact that all the elements that compose them are arranged in a spiral. Sepals, petals and stamens are in indefinite number, with gradual elements of differentiation between sepals and petals; 4 or 5 hair always on spiral and in position infera form an ovary uniloculare with many parietal ova and free styles; the fruit is a fleshy berry with many seeds. Many authors recognize, on the basis of a morphological analysis and DNA, three subfamilies inside of cacti, the Cactoideae, Opuntioideae and Pereskioideae. The Cactoideae include more than three quarters of the species of the whole family, are characterized by a reduction or complete loss of leaves the Opuntioideae are provided with hair pungent on the areolas; the Pereskioideae have casks not succulent and leaves well developed and persistent. Some Cacti damage edible fruits, as Opuntia ficus indica (fico d'India) , other have medicinal properties, as Echinocactus williamsi, species used as drugs to action for hallucinatory special alkaloids (peyotl), or Cereus grandiflorus, that contains the cactina; but the most interest of these plants is constituted by their utilisation for ornamental purposes, for which many species are grown both in full earth both in pots in every part of the globe. All multiply easily by cuttings, for seed or for engagement. In addition to those already mentioned, belong to Cacti genres Mamillaria, Cactus (or Melocactus Phyllocactus), Epiphyllum, etc. Graminàcee "schema spighetta graminacea to see the lemma the 10th volume." SF. Pl. [XIX century; gramen latin-ínis, plant, grass]. Family (Graminaceae) of plants of the order Poali consisting of ca. 650 genera and 8700 species largely herbaceous "Diagram of spighetta graminacea is to p. 159 of 11° volume." diffused in all parts of the world. The grasses, or Poacee, generally have collated roots or underground rhizomes, drums (stalks) cylindrical or elliptical section, articulated, mostly with internodes cables and enlarged nodes from which the last develop leaves solitary, composed of a wrapping sheath for a certain portion of the stalk and a laminar part usually narrow and long: often, at the point in which the sheath is transformed into the foil, on its inner face, is an appendix of various consistencies and magnitude (ligule). The flowers are small, gathered in spikes more or less pedicellate that almost always aggregate in variable number at the apex of the stalk or the branches so as to form characteristics inflorescences composed (ears, racemates or corn cobs). The spikes consist of a certain number of flowers (from one to 50), inserted on a tiny axis (rachilla), which in turn is carried by a shaft larger (rachis). Normally each spighetta is wound in two bracts scariose (glume), an upper or inner, smaller and sometimes missing or reduced, and a lower or outer. Similarly, above the glume each flower is protected by another pair of bracts (glumette), a higher (palea), smaller and often reduced to a tiny flakes, and a lower one (lemma), which surrounds the first and can be aristata or mutica according that owns or no a filiform appendage more or less elongated (remains). The flowers, with perianzio reduced to two or three squamucce fleshy of negligible size (lodicule), generally have three stamens and a pistil with two piumosi stigmas and only one ovum; the result is usually a caryopsis with only one seed, grain. The embryo in the seed is provided with only one cotyledon (scutello) highly modified and placed laterally are part of the family many cultivated plants of the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea, Secale, Hordeum, Oats, Sorghum, etc., which constitute the majority of cereals and have a role of the utmost importance in the field of human nutrition. Also of great interest are the grass fodder, which provide a good part of plant products used for animal feeding herbivores (genres Poa, Lolium, Trisetum, Arrhenatherum, Alopecurus, Holcus, and several others). Various species, finally, provide products which are used in the industrial field. Inside of the grasses are recognized at least 3 major subfamilies: The Bambusoidee, Panicoidee and Pooidee. Sm. [XVII century; from EU-+kalyptós greek, covered]. Common name used to indicate the plants of the genus Eucalyptus of plants of the family Mirtacee with ca. 500 species originating in Australia, some of which are cultivated in various countries with a hot climate. Are large trees, with leaves of two types: oval, sessile and opposed on young branches; vertical, alternate, petiolate sickled and on those adults. The hermaphrodite flowers when they are in bud have the shape of a reversed pyramid surmounted by a lid that maturity is detached, leaving exposed the numerous stamens; the fruit is a capsule with 4 loggias that contain seeds very small. Numerous types of eucalyptus produce valuable timbers, colored in red or brown while the bark is rich in tannin. The leaves give essential oils used in perfumery and in medicine such as eucalyptus oil, colorless liquid or yellowish, aromatic odour pleasant, containing ca. 70% of eucalyptus. In Italy it is cultivated Eucalyptus globulus. Sf. (pl. - EC) [XIX century; from an entry quechua through Spanish vizcacha]. Name of 5 species of rodents Caviomorfi family of Cincillidi (Lagostomus maximus and genre Lagidium), widespread respectively in the pampas of Argentina and the Andes. Lagostomus Maximus, the viscaccia plains, has wide head, somewhat flattened, provided on the muzzle of vibrisse and adorned on the cheeks by a large black stripe, edged with white; the body is tarchiato and massive along up to 86 cm (20 of which are tail), heavy and up to 7 kg, with rear feet long tail, very pelosa; the thick fur is dark gray above, whitish below. He lives in large groups (15-30 heads) in the dens (the vizcacheras) with many revenue. The viscaccia mountain belongs instead to the genus Lagidium with 4 species that live up to 5000 m in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Smaller, are daytime and gregarie and form colonies that can reach 80 individuals. Do not dig burrows, but be repaired in the recesses of the rocks. Hunted for meat and fur, are in danger of extinction. A species even larger than the viscaccia plains (Lagostomus crassus cells) was a present time in Peru. Zoology: General information With the exception of some species of felines (genus Panthera), bears are the land carnivores most mole, with physiognomy very homogeneous, with heavy physique, head large and wide, terminating in a muzzle most often short, muscled neck, trunk tarchiato, limbs with short strong, rudimentary queue, hidden in the hair. The eyes are small and ears short rounded and modest development. The ends are 5 fingers, plantigrada conformation, with robustissimi curved hoofs, not retractable. The length of these large mammals varies from 1,2 m of the Malaysian bear to 3 m of the Orso Bruno d Alaska, and weight from thirty to over 800 kg. The males are generally 1/5 larger females. The fur, with long hair and thick, is of uniform color, except ornaments to collar typical for certain species. The toothing is 42 teeth, when it is complete. Most of the species live in the forests or in mountainous areas: only the white bear lives in a habitat of all particular, ice in arctic regions; different species climb trees; the white bear, protected by the solitude of its habitat, is decidedly daytime, but in general the other species in the areas where they are for a long time in contact with man, have become preferably at night; typical case is the brown bear in Europe . bears are formidable walkers, skillful in the race and in swimming, their territory is vast but generally defined, and lead you to the more solitary life; their temperament is normally harmless, only attack when they feel threatened by man, Particular mothers with children. Glo or. of temperate regions and cold, adattatasi as tana a cavity or a natural cavern, spend the winter in a deep sleep, not to be confused with the real lethargy (for example, the body temperature is not lowered, as in real ibernanti): indeed females precisely during this period give birth and breastfeeding small (1 or 2, rarely up to 4), that at the time of birth are tiny, up to ca. 1/600 of the weight of the mother in the black bear american, record for littleness between all mammals placentati. The duration of gestation in different species varies from 6 to 9 months. Bears are typically omnivorous and the only carnivorous species is the white bear , whose limited habitat provides only fish, seals and other animals; the bears have a smell very developed, while sight and hearing are weak. There are currently with 7 genera comprising a single species in almost all the world except Australia and Africa (in North Africa there existed a subspecies of brown bear, the bear of the atlas, now extinct), with distribution is almost always very characteristic: Ursus, with the brown bear, widespread in Europe, Asia and North America; Euarctos, with the black bear North American or baribal; Tremarctos, with the bear from the glasses, South American Thalarctos; with the white bear, Boreal; Selenarctos , with the bear from the collar, Asia; Helarctos, with the Malaysian bear; and Melursus, with the bear labiato, also Asia. Paleogeografia: General information The panorama paleogeografico "for the evolution deela distribution of sea and land emerged from Paleoge-ne Neogene to see the maps at pg. 147 of 6° volume." The Tertiary "for the evolution of the distribution of the sea and of emerged lands see maps to the lemma 5° volume." is quite similar to the current one, with the exception of the areas affected by the cycle alpine orogenetico in full evolution. At the beginning of the Cenozoic Era the continents of Africa, Australian and American have a configuration similar to today's, while the Eurasia appears dismembered in various continents, separated by internal seas, the main one of which is the Tethys; Siberia is separate from the russian platform and from the Urals by an arm of the sea which disappears in Neogene; India and Madagascar, which form a large island, the Lemuria, separate from the Eocene. The two Americas, temporarily connected between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era, return to separate, with consequent isolation for most of the Tertiary Sector of the southern continent and the development of a fauna mammologica altogether particular; separation lasts until the end of the Cenozoic Era, when a thin isthmus of volcanic nature allows migration from N of fauna that produce deleterious effects on the Endemic causing the almost total extinction. North America and Europe are separated, but occasionally we provide links or through an isthmus in the area of Bering or by means of a land bridge connecting the Greenland to the British Isles, connection that stops at the end of the Eocene following the communication arose between the basin of the Atlanticosettentrionale, in progressive expansion, and the Arctic Ocean. As a result of the alpine orogeny, at the end of the Miocene and in the Pliocene Framework The general paleogeografico becomes much more similar to the current one: it constitutes the Euro-Asia block and it establishes a link between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and India, connection which is then reduced to only the isthmus of Suez, following the emergence in the Pliocene of the Red Sea, as a result of the outbreak in the eastern part of Africa and Asia Minor of that great complex of fractures and sprofondamenti that extends from Mozambique to the Tauro through the tectonic was in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, the depression dancala, the Red Sea and the depression of the Dead Sea. Always in the Pliocene, as already mentioned, the two Americas is reconnecting with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and finally breaks the connection between the Iberian Peninsula and the African continent with the opening of the strait of Gibraltar. Since the conditions paleogeografiche the Cenozoic Era were in their fairly similar to those present, of the tertiary sediments there are notes mainly the facies continental and coastal areas as the deepest ones are still covered by marine waters. In particular, between the formations more characteristics must remember the "nummulitici limestones" and the powerful series a facies flysch due to erosion of the mountainous chains in via lift. In Italy the lands of the Cenozoic Era are very popular and very fossiliferous, so numerous planes have taken the name from italian localities. Paleogeografia: orogeny The Cenozoic Era has experienced a considerable activity orogenetica, responsible both for training or of the final configuration of the major mountain chains current along the two bands orogenetiche already well have emerged in the Mesozoic Era, that peripacifica and that of Tethys, both the occurrence of fracture system of Eastern Africa. In addition an intense Tectonic activity has affected the oceanic funds with separation of continental masses, conformation of new ocean basins and submarine ridges. The non homogeneous expansion of the oceanic funds has also created systems still active faults of slipping in the direction, specifically said shears transform, i.e. fractures with relative displacement of the two parts in a horizontal direction, even of the order of hundreds of kilometers. The orogenetici phenomena were accompanied by an intense magmatic activity, as evidenced by both the majestic lava effusions traboccate from fractures of Eastern Africa and the volcanic manifestations in North America, along the Andean Cordillera, in New Zealand, in Japan, in the West Indies and in Asia Minor and in the Aegean and in Europe (Massif Central, Carpathians, Colli Euganei, region flegrea, Roccamonfina, Monti Ernici and Sardinia), since the putting into place of batoliti as in the Andes in South and North America and Italy along the so-called "arc periadriatico eruptive". German. Elongated block and raised of land drives connected to the neighboring clods by systems of parallel shears, generally directed: equivalent term is tectonic pillar. Geography